Author: The Team

Neujahrswünsche / New Year Wishes

Wir wünschen Ihnen ein schönes und erfolgreiches Neues Jahr !

Den Erben von Fritz Grünbaum wünschen wir, dass die zuständigen Stellen zumindest auf Schreiben antworten.

Die Leopold Museum Privatstiftung und Mag. Dr. Sonja Niederacher, Provenienzforschung bm:ukk-lmp im Leopold Museum im MQ ließen dieses Minimum an Hochachtung vermissen.

[scribd id=76780701 key=key-1en2uiq4oumq0s98ny0e mode=list] Unbeantwortete Schreiben an das Leopoldmuseum

[scribd id=76782735 key=key-1f87ievq6kjy3rfk3fav mode=list]Unbeantwortetes Schreiben an Mag. Dr. Niederacher

Weiters wünschen wir den Erbe, dass das Verfahren auf Restitution der beiden Werke Egon Schieles aus der Sammlung Fritz Günbaums die in der  Albertina nach einer Schenkung von Erich Lederer verwahrt werden, nach mehr als 12- jähriger Dauer positiv abgeschlossen wird.

We wish you a happy and successful New Year!

We wish to the heirs of Fritz Grunbaum that the competent authorities at least respond to letters.

The Leopold Museum Privatstiftung and Mag. Dr. Sonja Niederacher, provenanceresearcher at the Leopold Museum missed to show this modicum of respect for the heirs.

Furthermore we wish the heirs to get back the two paintings, which are deposed at the Albertina, after 12 years of formal procedure.

1938 04 27 Jewish Property Declarations: The Law of April 26, 1938

Today is the anniversary of the April 26, 1938 decree by Goering requiring Jews to declare their property.  It is important that any student of the Holocaust read the text of the decree, reproduced in italics below.  There is very little written about this law, which was a critical turning point in the Nazis’ adoption of the Final Solution.  First robbery, then murder of the despoiled victims.

Today, the consequences of this law are still being litigated in the United States.  US museums are successfully clinging to artworks stolen pursuant to the April 26, 1938 decree and the subsequent measures.  The Jewish Property Declarations were sealed by Austria from 1945 until 1993.   Now US museums are suing Jewish descendants of Holocaust victims to “quiet title” to the artworks in their collections, in violation of international law and the United States’ commitment to return Nazi spoils  to their victims.

DOCUMENT 1406-PS
1938 REICHSGESETZBLATT, PART I, PAGE 414
~ Decree for the Reporting of Jewish Owned Property of 26 April
1938
On the basis of the Decree for the Execution of the Four Year Plan of 18 October 1936 (RGBl I, 887) the following is hereby decreed:
Article 1
1. Every Jew (Article 5 of the First Regulation under the Reich Citizenship Law of 14 November 1935 (RGBI I, 1338)) shall report and evaluate in accordance with the following instructions his entire domestic and foreign property and estate on the day when this decree goes into force. Jews of foreign citizenship shall report and evaluate only their domestic property
2. The duty to report holds likewise for the non-Jewish marital partner of a Jew.
3. Every reporting person’s property must be given separately.
Article 2
1. Property in the sense of this law includes the total property of the person required to report, irrespective of whether it is exempt from any form of taxation or not.
2. It does not include movable objects used by the individual or house furnishings as far as the latter are not luxury objects.
Article 3
1. Every part of the property shall be valued according to the usual valuation it has on the effective date of this regulation.
2. No report is necessary when the total worth of the property to be reported does not exceed 5000 marks.
Article 4
The report is to be presented on an official form by 20 June 1938, to the administrative official responsible at the place of residence of the reporting individual. When such a report is not possible by this date the responsible official can extend the period. In such case, however, an estimate is to be presented by 30 June 1938, together with a statement of the grounds of delay.
Article 5
1. The reporting individual must report, after this decree goes into force, to the responsible office, every change of said individual’s total property as far as it exceeds a proper standard of living or normal business transactions.
2. The reporting requirement applies also to those .Jews who were not required to report on the effective date of this regulation but who have acquired property exceeding 5000 Reichsmarks in value, after this date. Article 1 (1) clause 2, shall apply respectively.
Article 6
1. The administrative offices responsible under this reguhttlon are in Prussia-Highest Administrative Officer [Reierungspraesident] (in Berlin the Police President) ; Bavalria Administrative Officer [Regierungspraesident] ; Saxony—Tivoli District Head [Kreishauptmann]; Wurtemberg-The Minister of the Interior; Baden-The Minister of the Interior; ThueringenReich Governor [Reichsstatthalter]; Hessen-Reich Governor; Hamburg-Reich Governor; Mecklenburg-Ministry of the State, Interior Department; Oldenburg-Minister of Interi01•; Braunschweig- Ministry of Interior; Bremen-Senator for Administration of Interior; Anhalt-Ministry of State Interior Department; Lippe-Reich Governor (Land Government); SchaumburgLippe-Land Government; Saarland-The Reich Commissioner for the Saar.
2. Austria-The Reich Governor has jurisdiction. He may transfer his authority to another board.
Article 7
The Deputy for the Four Year Plan is empowered to take such necessary measures as may be necessary to guarantee the use of the reported property in accord with the necessities of German economy.
Article 8
1. Whoever wilfully or negligently fails to comply with this reporting requirement, either by omitting it, or making it incorrectly, or not within the time specified, or whoever acts contrary to any instruction issued pursuant to Article 7 by the Deputy of the Four Year Plan shall be punishable by imprisonment and by a fine or by both of these penalties, in particularly flagrant cases of wilful violation the offender may be condemned to hard labor up to ten years. The offender is punishable notwithstanding that the action was in a foreign country.
2. Any attempt to commit such actions is punishable.
3. In addition to the imposition of the penalties under (1), the property may be confiscated, insofar as it was involved in the criminal action. In addition to hard labor confiscation may be made. Where no specific individual can be prosecuted or convicted, confiscation may be decreed independently, where the prerequisites for confiscation warrant it.
Berlin, 26 April 1938
The Deputy for the Four Year Plan
Goering
General Field Marshal
The Reich Minister of the Interior
Frick

Adolph Eichmann set up the Zentralstelle in Vienna in August 1938.  He described it as a “conveyor belt”.  You put a Jew and his property on one end and the Jew emerged with a passport and no property on the other end.  Eichmann is considered the “father” of spoliation for profit and the creation of the “Vienna model” of despoiling Jews before exporting them or murdering them.   The problem arose that no country wanted to accept Jews that had been completely spoliated.  Murder thus became the next logical step.

Nazi Era Laws – Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression – Translated

More information on Bakalar v Vavra, a recent Second Circuit case interpreting the April 26, 1938 Jewish Property declaration decree here.

More on Austria’s violations of the Austrian State Treaty here.

A report on how the Museum of Modern Art in New York is the largest repository in the nation of Nazi looted art coming in through Switzerland here.

Crossposted, see copyrightlitigation.blogspot.com

Nazi Looted Art in US Museums – Professor Jennifer Kreder Speaks Out

Great interview with law professor Jennifer Kreder on Illinois Public Radio on artworks looted by the Nazis that are now in US museums that were smuggled into the US through Switzerland.  Get the shocking story here.

[vimeo 20800425 w=400 h=273]

Focus: Nazi Looted Art and U.S. Museums from Illinois Public Media on Vimeo.

Rebuttal on Dossier Grünbaum (English Version)

Find German Version here

With their decision of November 18, 2010, the Commission[1] appointed by the Austrian Federal Minister for Education, Arts and Culture, Dr. Claudia Schmied, under the chairmanship of the former Minister Dr. Nikolaus Michalek concluded that, with regard to the works of art currently held by the Leopold Museum Private Foundation and which were owned by Fritz Grünbaum until 1939, an offense as defined in Section 1 Subsection 1 of the Austrian Art Restitution Law would also not have been committed if these had been federal state property.

This decision was based on the Fritz Grünbaum Dossier compiled by Dr. Sonja Niederacher, dated June 30, 2010.She was jointly commissioned by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Arts and Culture and the Leopold Museum Private Foundation.

Through the omission of evidence and poor representation of the evidence put forward, this Dossier led the Commission to the erroneous conclusion that divestment of the collection as defined in Section 1 of the Annulment Act cannot be established.

This document serves as a rebuttal of the errors and omissions made in the compilation of the said Dossier – and presupposes knowledge of the Dossier to avoid repetition.

Read more: Rebuttal of Dossier Gruenbaum

Attachments Dossier:

A – Letter from ITS [international Tracing Service] Bad Arolsen, dated December 20, 2007

B – VAEV Akten Lilly und Fritz Grünbaum

C – Confirmation from the Austrian State Archives (ÖSTA) on February 26, 2008, that no records from the foreignexchange office have survived

D – Amendment of the Foreign Exchange Control Law from December 1, 1936

E -Ruling by the general Settlement Fund regarding Leon Fischer (english)

F – Ruling by the General Settlement Fund regarding Milos Vavra (english)

G – Extract from Austrian Social Insurance Authority for Business (SVA der gewerblichen   Wirtschaft) files, letter from Sigmund Lukacs dated 1959, in which he requested to be admitted to the SVA old people’s home.

H – Der Aufbau: Article on the death of Fritz Grünbaum, dated August 17, 1945 (english translation attached)

I – Probate file for Mathilde Lukacs, 2 A 847 BG Döbling

J – Expert report examining questioned documents of November 7, 2005

K – Bakalar vs. Fischer and Vavra – ruling by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (english)

L – INTERNATIONALnews article, dated September 7, 2010, on the ruling by the Court of Appeals in New York, (english)

M – Summary of facts sent by Bratschi Emch & Partner to Mr. Thomas Buomberger on behalf of Galerie Kornfeld, dated April 16, 1998


[1] Members: Head of department Dr. Harald Dossi, President University Professor Clemens Jabloner, Vice President retired Dr. Manfred Kremser, University Professor Franz Stefan Meissel, retired ambassador Dr. Eva Nowotny, University Professor Helmut Ofner, Emeritus University Professor Theo Öhlinger, Emeritus University Professor Peter Rummel, Ambassador Dr. Ferdinand Trauttmannsdorff.

 

Kritik am Dossier Grünbaum (German)

Find English Version here

Mit Beschluss vom 18. November 2010 kam das von Bundesministerin für Unterricht, Kunst und Kultur Dr. Claudia Schmied eingesetzte Gremium
(Mitglieder: SChef Dr. Harald Dossi, Präsident Univ.-Prof. Dr. h.c. Clemens Jabloner, Vizepräs. i.R- Dr. Manfred Kremser, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Franz Stefan Meissel, Botschafterin i.R. Dr. Eva Nowotny, Univ. Prof. Dr. Helmut Ofner, em. o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Theo Öhlinger, em. o. Univ. – Prof. Dr. Peter Rummel, Botschafter Dr. Ferdinand Trauttmannsdorff unter Vorsitz von BM a.D. Dr. Nikolaus Michalek) zum Schluss, dass bezüglich der Werke, die sich aktuell im Bestand der Leopold Museum – Privatstiftung befinden und deren Eigentümer bis 1939 Fritz Grünbaum war, der Tatbestand des § 1 Abs. 1 Kunstrückgabegesetz auch dann nicht erfüllt wäre, wenn die Bilder Fritz Grünbaums im Bundeseigentum stünden.

Dieser Beschluss erfolgte auf Grundlage des Dossiers zu Fritz Grünbaum, erstellt von Mag. Dr. Sonja Niederacher, am 30. Juni 2010. Sie wurde vom Bundesministerium für Unterricht, Kunst und Kultur und von der Leopold Museum – Privatstiftung gemeinsam beauftragt. Das Dossier führte die Kommission aufgrund Weglassung von Beweismitteln und mangelhafter Darstellung der vorgelegten Beweismittel zum irrigen Schluss, dass eine Entziehung der Sammlung durch die NS Behörden im Sinne des § 1 Nichtigkeitsgesetz nicht feststellbar ist. Diese Kritik wird die Fehler und Versäumnisse bei der Erstellung des Dossiers aufzeigen, die Kenntnis des Dossiers wird vorausgesetzt, auch um Wiederholungen zu vermeiden.

Lesen sie hier weiter:

Kritik am Dossier Grünbaum (pdf, 1580kb)

Anlagen zum Dossier:

A – Schreiben des ITS Bad Arolsen vom 20.12.2007

B – VAEV Akten Lilly und Fritz Grünbaum

C – Bestätigung des ÖSTA vom 26. Februar 2008, esgibt keine Akten aus den Beständen der Devise

D – Gesetz zur Änderung über die Devisenbewirtschaftung vom 1. Dezember 1936

E -Entscheidung des Allgemeinen Entschädigungsfonds bezüglich Leon Fischer

F – Entscheidung Allgemeinen Entschädigungsfonds Milos Vavra

G – Antrag an Nationalfond Leon Fischer

H – Antrag an Nationalfond Milos Vavra

I – aus Akt der SVA der Gewerblichen Wirschaft 1959 Sigmund Lukacs

J – Der Aufbau-Artikel zum Tod von Fritz Grünbaum vom 17.08.1945

K – Verlassenschaftsakt Mathilde Lukacs, 2 A 847 BG Döbling

L – Schriftgutachten vom 7.11.2005

M – Bakalar vs Fischer and Vavra – Zweitinstanzliche Entscheidung samt Übersetzung

N – Artikel der INTERNATIONALnews 7.9.2010 zur Entscheidung des Appelationsgerichtshofes New York plus Uebersetzung

O – Bratschi Emch & Partner im Auftrag der Gallerie Kornfeld an Herrn Thomas Buomberger vom 16041998



2010 09 07 New York Law Journal: Zweites Bundesberufungsgericht will Rechtsstreit über Kunstbesitz nochmals von vorne anfangen (translated articel)

For the original version in English have a look here

Zweites Bundesberufungsgericht will Rechtsstreit über Kunstbesitz nochmals von vorne anfangen

Daniel Wise

New York Law Journal

7.9.2010

Die Erben eines Kunstsammlers, der in einem Konzentrationslager der Nazis ums Leben gekommen ist, haben noch eine Chance erhalten, ihren Anspruch nachzuweisen, dass eine Zeichnung von dem österreichischen Expressionisten Egon Schiele von ihrer Familie gestohlen wurde.

Das 2. US Bundesberufungsgericht hat letzte Woche in Sachen Bakalar v. Vavra, 08-5119-cv, geurteilt, dass sich Richter William H. Pauley (südlicher Bezirk) in der Feststellung des Besitzers des Werkes bei Anwendung von Schweizer Recht im Gegensatz zu New Yorker Recht geirrt hätte.

Der Beschluss des Gremiums annulliert Pauley’s Feststellung, dass David Bakalar (ein amerikanischer Kunstsammler) der rechtmäßige Besitzer von „Woman Seated with Bent Left Leg (Torso)“ [Sitzende Frau mit hochgezogenem Knie (Torso)] wurde, als er 1963 die Zeichnung von einer New Yorker Kunstgalerie für 4.300 $ kaufte.

Vier Monate zuvor hatte die New Yorker Kunstgalerie die mit schwarzer Kreide und Farbe auf Wasserbasis erstellte Zeichnung von einer Schweizer Kunstgalerie erworben. 2004 hat Bakalar die Zeichnung bei einer durch Sotheby’s in London durchgeführten Auktion für 675.000 $ verkauft.

Sotheby’s legte den Verkauf auf Eis, nachdem die Erben des österreichischen Kunstsammlers und Kabarettisten Franz Friedrich „Fritz“ Grünbaum vorgetreten sind, um ihren Besitzanspruch auf dieses Werk zu erheben. Grünbaum wurde bei seiner Flucht von Wien 1938 von den Nazis festgenommen und ist 1941 in Dachau verstorben.

Die zwei Erben, der tschechische Staatsbürger Milos Vavra und der New Yorker Leon Fischer, haben 2005 zusammen mit Bakalar gegenseitig Prozesse geführt, wobei beide Parteien als rechtsmäßiger Besitzer anerkannt werden wollten.

Bei der Feststellung, Bakalar sei der Besitzer, hat Richter Pauley Schweizer Recht angewendet, wonach Bakalar, als gutgläubiger Käufer nach fünf Jahren den Anspruch auf das Werk erwerben würde, ohne dass irgendein anderer Anspruch geltend gemacht wurde – auch wenn die Zeichnung gestohlen worden wäre.

Bei dieser Frage unterscheidet sich New York Recht sehr: unter keinen Umständen kann ein Dieb irgendein ordnungsgemäßes Eigentumsrecht übertragen und eine Person, dessen Eigentum gestohlen wurde, hat ein höheres Anspruchrecht als ein gutgläubiger Käufer.

In einem Schreiben für das Bundesberufungsgericht kommt Richter Edward R. Korman, vom New Yorker Ostbezirk bestellt, zum Schluss, dass sich Pauley bei der Anwendung von Schweizer Recht auf die falsche Überprüfung verlassen hätte. Das Gremium hat den Fall an Pauley für weitere Verhandlungen zurück verwiesen und, „falls erforderlich, für einen neuen Prozess“.

Korman schrieb noch eine zustimmende Beurteilung, worin er Pauley’s Feststellung in Frage stellt, dass die Grünbaum Erben es versäumt hätten, „irgendwelche konkreten Beweise zu liefern, dass die Zeichnung von den Nazis geplündert wurde“.

Korman schrieb, dass sein Verständnis der Akte eher darauf hinweist, dass Grünbaum „gegen seinen Willen seines Besitzes und Eigentumsrechts [der Zeichnung] beraubt wurde“.

Richter Jose R. Cabranes und Richterin Debra Ann Livingston stimmten Richter Korman’s Haupturteil zu.

Streit über Provenienz

Es wird heiß bestritten, ob die Schiele Zeichnung von den Nazis gestohlen wurde.

Bakalar behauptet, dass Grünbaum’s Schwägerin die Zeichnung 1956 zusammen mit 45 weiteren Schiele Werke an eine Schweizer Kunstgalerie, Galerie Gutekunst, verkauft hätte. Diese Behauptung wird durch Dokumente in den Akten der Schweizer Kunstgalerie unterstützt, welche „vernunftsmäßig unumstritten“ zeigen, dass die Schwägerin Mathilde Lukacs die Verkäuferin war – sagte der Bakalar’s Anwalt, James A. Janowitz, von Pyor Cashman.

Der Anwalt der Erben, Raymond Dowd von Dunnington, Barthlow & Miller, nannte die Behauptungen von Bakalar „eine komplette Erfindung, basierend auf gefälschten Dokumenten“.

Ungefähr vier Monate, nachdem die Galerie Gutekunst die Zeichnung erworben hatte, hat sie diese an die Galerie St. Etienne in New York verkauft, welche diese wiederum sieben Jahre später an Herrn Bakalar verkaufte.

Korman sagte, Pauley hätte überlegen müssen, welcher Gerichtsbezirk das größte Interesse an diesem Fall hatte.

Wie das Berufungsgericht des Staates New York bei verschieden Gelegenheiten erklärt hat, besteht für New York „zwingendes Interesse“ daran, die Integrität des Kunstmarktes zu bewahren. Zum Beispiel, in Guggenheim Foundation v. Lubell, 77 N.Y. 2d 311 (1991), schrieb der ehemalige vorsitzende Richter Sol Wachtler für ein einstimmiges Gericht: „New York genießt seinen internationalen Ruf als überragendes Zentrum der Kultur. Wenn man die Last, gestohlene Kunstwerke zu finden, auf den rechtmäßigen Eigentümer abwälzt…würde dies, glauben wir, den illegalen Handel in Raubkunst fördern.

Im Vergleich, Korman beschreibt das Schweizer Interesse als „dürftig“. Die Anwendung von New York Recht könnte zwar dazu führen, dass die New Yorker die Herkunft des Werkes näher anschauen – was wiederum, überlegt er, „ausländische Kunstverkäufe durch Schweizer Kunstgalerien negativ beeinflussen könnte“.

Bei der Auswahl des anzuwendenden Rechts müsste dieses Schweizer Interesse aber dem „erheblich größeren Interesse“ von New York weichen, den Staat davor zu schützen, „einen Markt für Diebesgut zu werden“.

Zur Frage Bakalar’s Eigentumsrecht bemerkte Korman, dass aus der Akte hervorgeht, dass Grünbaum genötigt wurde, vier Monate, nachdem er von den Nazis festgenommen und in Dachau inhaftiert wurde, eine Vollmacht zu erteilen, wodurch seine Frau Kontrolle über seine Kunstwerke erhielt.

Gemäß §2-403(1) des einheitlichen Handelsgesetzes, das in New York eingeführt wurde, wird der Status als gutgläubiger Käufer nur bei „freiwilliger“ Übertragung des Eigentums verliehen.

Im Fall Grünbaum, lassen die Umstände „stark darauf schließen, dass er die Vollmacht mit vorgehaltener Pistole erteilte“, sagte Korman. Wenn dies stimmte, schrieb er, wäre laut New York Recht „jegliche nachfolgende Übertragung ungültig“.

„Die Andeutung von [Herrn] Bakalar, diese Vollmacht stelle eine freiwillige Übertragung des Eigentums an [Herr Grünbaum’s] Frau dar, ist eine Behauptung, welche er erst noch beweisen muss.“

„Wenn er dies nicht tut“, fügte Korman hinzu, auch wenn Grünbaum’s Frau Elizabeth das Eigentumsrecht ihrer Schwester übertragen hat, um zu vermeiden, dass die Werke in die Hände der Nazis geraten, „konnte sie kein gültiges Eigentumsrecht auf die Kunstwerke übertragen“.

2010 09 07 New York Law Journal: 2nd Circuit Sends Art Ownership Dispute Back to the Drawing Board

Finden Sie die deutsche Übersetzung hier


Austria / Czech Republic / United States

Who really owns a drawing by the Austrian expressionist Egon Schiele?

Daniel Wise

New York Law Journal

September 07, 2010

Egon Schiele, Self Portrait 1914

The heirs of an art collector who perished in a Nazi concentration camp have been given another chance to establish their claim that a drawing by the Austrian expressionist Egon Schiele was stolen from their family.

The 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals last week ruled in Bakalar v. Vavra, 08-5119-cv, that Southern District Judge William H. Pauley erred in applying Swiss law as opposed to New York law in determining ownership of the work.

The panel’s ruling vacates Pauley’s finding that David Bakalar, an American art collector, became the rightful owner of “Woman Seated with Bent Left Leg (Torso)” when he bought the drawing from a New York gallery in 1963 for $4,300.

The New York gallery had acquired the black crayon and water-based paint drawing four months earlier from a Swiss gallery. In 2004, Bakalar sold the drawing at an auction conducted by Sotheby’s in London for $675,000.

Sotheby’s put the sale on hold after the heirs to Austrian art collector and cabaret performer Franz Friedrich “Fritz” Grunbaum stepped forward to claim ownership of the piece. Grunbaum was arrested by the Nazis as he fled Vienna in 1938 and died at Dachau in 1941.

The two heirs, Czech citizen Milos Vavra and New York resident Leon Fischer, traded lawsuits with Bakalar in 2005, with both sides seeking to be declared the rightful owner.

In declaring Bakalar to be the owner, Judge Pauley applied Swiss law, under which Bakalar, as a good-faith buyer, would acquire title to the work after five years without a claim being asserted, even if the drawing had been stolen.

New York law on the issue is very different: under no circumstances can a thief pass good title and a person from whom property was stolen has a claim superior to a good faith purchaser.

Writing for the circuit, Judge Edward R. Korman, sitting by designation from the Eastern District of New York, concluded that Pauley had relied on the wrong test in choosing to apply Swiss law. The panel remanded the case to Pauley for further proceedings, and, “if necessary, a new trial.”

Korman also wrote a concurring opinion, questioning Pauley’s finding that the Grunbaum heirs failed to produce “any concrete evidence that the Nazis looted the drawing.”

Korman wrote that his reading of the record suggests to the contrary that Grunbaum was “divested of possession and title [of the drawing] against his will.”

Judges Jose A. Cabranes and Debra Ann Livingston joined in Judge Korman’s main ruling.

Provenance in Dispute

The question of whether the Schiele drawing was stolen by the Nazis is sharply disputed.

Bakalar contends Grunbaum’s sister-in-law sold the drawing along with 45 other Schiele works in 1956 to a Swiss art gallery, Galerie Gutekunst. That claim is backed up by documents in files maintained by the Swiss gallery, which show “beyond rational dispute” that the sister-in-law, Mathilde Lukacs, was the seller, said Bakalar’s lawyer, James A. Janowitz, of Pryor Cashman.

The lawyer for the heirs, Raymond Dowd of Dunnington, Barthlow & Miller, called Bakalar’s claims “a complete fabrication based upon forged documents.”

About four months after the Galerie Gutekunst acquired the drawing, it sold it to the Galerie St. Etienne in New York, which seven years later sold it to Mr. Bakalar.

Korman said Pauley should have considered which jurisdiction had the greatest interest in the case.

New York has a “compelling interest” preserving the integrity of its art market as its state Court of Appeals has stated on several occasions, Korman wrote. For instance, in Guggenheim Foundation v. Lubell, 77 N.Y.2d 311 (1991), former Chief Judge Sol Wachtler wrote for a unanimous Court, “New York enjoys a worldwide reputation as a preeminent cultural center. To place the burden of locating stolen artwork on the true owner…would, we believe, encourage illicit trafficking in stolen art.”

By comparison, Korman described the Swiss interest as being “tenuous.” Application of New York law might cause New Yorkers to take a closer look at the work’s provenance, and that in turn, he reasoned, “might adversely affect the extra-territorial sales of artwork by Swiss galleries.”

For choice of law purposes, that Swiss interest, he concluded, must give way to New York’s “significantly greater interest” in preventing the state “from becoming a marketplace for stolen goods.”

On the question of Bakalar’s ownership, Korman noted that the record indicated that Grunbaum was forced to execute a power of attorney giving his wife control of his artwork four months after he was arrested by the Nazis and imprisoned at Dachau.

Under Uniform Commercial Code §2-403(1), which has been adopted in New York, status as a good faith buyer only attaches if a transfer of property is “voluntary,” he wrote.

In Grunbaum’s case, the circumstances “strongly suggest he executed the power of attorney with a gun to his head,” Korman said. If that was so, he wrote, under New York law “any subsequent transfer was void.”

“[Mr.] Bakalar’s suggestion that the power of attorney constituted a voluntary entrustment to property to [Mr. Grunbaum’s] wife is a proposition that remains for him to prove.”

“Unless he does so,” Korman added, even if Grunbaum’s wife, Elizabeth, transferred ownership to her sister to prevent the work from falling into the hands of the Nazis “she could not convey valid title to the artwork.”

2010 09 02 Zweitinstanzliche Entscheidung bestätigt: Grünbaums Bilder sind Raubkunst

Zweitinstanzliche Entscheidung Bakalar vs. Vavra (deutsch)

Second Circuit decision Bakalar vs. Vavra (english)

Aus der Entscheidung:

Grünbaum wurde bei einem Fluchtversuch vor den Nazis verhaftet. Nach seiner Verhaftung war er
niemals wieder in physischem Besitz eines seiner Kunstwerke einschließlich der Zeichnung gelangt.
Mit der Vollmacht, die er während seines Aufenthalts im Konzentrationslager Dachau unterschreiben
musste, wurde ihm jede rechtliche Kontrolle über die Zeichnung entzogen. Dieser unfreiwillige
Entzug von Besitz und rechtlicher Kontrolle haben jede nachfolgende Übertragung nichtig gemacht.

Damit ist ein klares Urteil gefällt! Wir warten auf die längst überfällige Bestätigung des BMUKK und die Anweisung an Albertina und Leopoldmuseum, die Bilder aus der Sammlung Grünbaum zurückzugeben.

Informationen zu den zu restituierenden Bildern in Österreich finden Sie hier.

Letter from Ray Dowd to Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Arts and Culture

This letter was send by laywer Raymond Dowd to the director of the Bureau of the Commission for Provenance Research, OR Dr. Christoph Bazil

For the cited quotes, please read Second Circuit decision Bakalar vs. Vavra (english)

From: Raymond Dowd
Sent: Sunday, September 05, 2010 12:53 PM
To: ‘Bazil Christoph’
Subject: Second Circuit Decision in Bakalar v Vavra (Estate of Fritz Grunbaum)

Dear Christoph:   I hope that all is well with you and that you enjoyed your summer.  I think you will be pleased to see that the Second Circuit Court of Appeals has agreed with the Grunbaum heirs in a decision issued on September 2, 2010.   Please note on page 21 of the opinion:

Grunbaum was arrested while attempting to flee from the Nazis.  After his arrest, he never again had physical possession of any of his artwork, including the Drawing.  The power of attorney, which he was forced to execute while in the Dachau concentration camp, divested him of his legal control over the Drawing.  Such an involuntary divestiture of possession and legal control rendered any subsequent transfer void.

The opinion notes that this is consistent with Austrian legal principles, including recent decisions of the Austrian Supreme Court.

We note that Article 26 of the Austrian State Treaty obligates Austria to return Fritz Grunbaum’s property to his heirs, as does Austrian inheritance law.  You have made me many promises that you and Minister Schmied were going to investigate this case and issue a report.  It has been 11 years of waiting.

We note that Eberhard Kornfeld invented a fairy story about Fritz Grunbaum’s sister in law in 1999 after Dead City was seized at MoMA.  Our handwriting experts debunked this story, which is based on clearly false and fraudulent documents.

But based on the new Second Circuit decision, it is clear that the whole story of Mathilde Lukacs is legally irrelevant.   Even if she did steal it and sell it in Switzerland, this has no effect on legal title of Fritz Grunbaum or his heirs.  Austrian law respects exactly this principle as well.

As a lawyer, you can now appreciate that Austria has no additional excuses for holding onto Fritz Grunbaum’s property. Now that this is all crystal clear, can you please have Austria return the stolen Schieles currently in the Leopold and Albertina Museums that the Grunbaum heirs have demanded?   There is no reason that the Austrian police can’t do this at your request.

You will see that the recent case decided August 12, 2010 of Cassirer v Kingdom of Spain has reaffirmed the right of US citizens to sue foreign governments in the United States for purchasing or displaying stolen artworks.  http://www.scribd.com/doc/35962710/Cassirer-vs-Kingdom-of-Spain-9th-Cir-August-12-2010.  This also applied where the government has created a Foundation (like a Stiftung) to hold the stolen objects.   Spain bought the tainted Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection and tried to pretend that it could not be sued because it was in a foundation.

So you see that U.S. courts have rejected what you believed when we last spoke would be a valid defense.  Putting stolen goods in the Leopold does not shield Austria from liability under these principles.

As you know, we have been very patient based on our respect for the IKG (Jewish Community in Vienna) and their view that Minister Schmied would act with fairness and diligence if permitted the opportunity.

If you need a limited amount of additional time to make a decision, please let me know how much time you need.  If the amount of time is reasonable, we will of course forbear action to permit you to act.

Respectfully yours,

Raymond J. Dowd

2010 09 02 Second Circuit Rules Drawing Case involving Fritz Grünbaum

The Second Circuit Court of Appeals ruled today in a case involving the Estate of Fritz Grunbaum.

Zweitinstanzliche Entscheidung Bakalar vs. Vavra (deutsch)

The Second Circuit concluded:

Grunbaum was arrested while attempting to flee from the Nazis. After his arrest, he never again had physical possession of any of his artwork, including the Drawing. The power of attorney, which he was forced to execute while in the Dachau concentration camp, divested him of his legal control over the Drawing. Such an involuntary divestiture of possession and legal control rendered any subsequent transfer void.

Fritz Grunbaum’s art collection made headlines when D.A. Robert Morgenthau seized Egon Schiele’s Dead City from the MoMA in New York City.   At the same time, Morgenthau seized Egon Schiele’s Portrait of Wally, which was also stolen.   Portrait of Wally was returned by Austria this summer.

The Grunbaum heirs are waiting on Austria to make a decision on whether or not to return Dead City and the other artworks stolen from Fritz Grunbaum that are now in the Albertina and Leopold Museums.   Austria has promised to issue a report soon, and then The Austrian Commission for Provenance Research is expected to rule.